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Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898〔''Armand Hammer, The Untold Story'' by Steve Weinberg, p. 16〕 – December 10, 1990) was an American business manager and owner, most closely associated with Occidental Petroleum, a company he ran from 1957〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation – FundingUniverse )〕 until his death, though he was known as well for his art collection, his philanthropy, and for his close ties to the Soviet Union. Hammer's business interests around the world and his "citizen diplomacy" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates. He appeared frequently on television, commenting on international relations or agitating for research into a cure for cancer. As of 2008, he has been the subject of five biographies — in 1975 (Considine, authorized biography), 1985 (Bryson, coffee table book), Weinberg 1989, Blumay 1992, and Epstein 1996 — and two autobiographies (1932 and a best seller in 1987). His art collection〔''The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces,'' published by the Armand Hammer Foundation in multiple editions (eventually becoming ''five'' centuries of masterpieces), sometimes in conjunction with museums where the collection was displayed.〕〔''Honore Daumier 1808–1879: The Armand Hammer Daumier Collection Incorporating a Collection from George Longstreet,'' 1981〕 and his philanthropic projects〔''Dreams & Promises: The Story of the Armand Hammer United World College : A Critical Analysis,'' Theodore Lockwood, 1997〕 were the subject of numerous publications as well. ==Early life== Hammer was born in New York City, to Ukrainian-born Jewish immigrants Julius and Rose (Lifschitz) Hammer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hammer. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Death and Oil )〕 His father came to the United States from Odessa in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine) in 1875, and settled in The Bronx, where he ran a general medical practice and five drugstores. Hammer claimed that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in ''La Dame aux Camélias'', a novel by Alexandre Dumas, fils. According to other sources, Hammer was named after the "arm and hammer" graphic symbol of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), in which his father had a leadership role.〔''Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer'', Edward Jay Epstein, 1996, p. 35〕 (After the Russian Revolution, a part of the SLP under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the Communist Party USA.) Later in his life, Hammer confirmed that this was the origin of his given name.〔 Hammer attended Morris High School, Columbia College (B.A., 1919) where he was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity, and then attended medical school at Columbia (M.D., 1921). In Hammer's final year of medical school he was set to enter a residency at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, but events altered his plans.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Armand Hammer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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